1	Creating Social Reality: Organizations As Cultures Organizational change IS cultural change Leigh Ann Orr & Denise Hogan
2	Organizations are Cultural Entities
3	Impact of Culture on Organizations
4	Impact of Culture on Organizations
5	Impact of Culture on Organizations
6	Other influences professional groups (accountants, engineers) subcultures: social and ethnic groups coalitions and countercultures friendships trade unions
7	Other influences professional groups (accountants, engineers) subcultures: social and ethnic groups coalitions and countercultures friendships trade unions
8	Creating Organizational Reality Culture: Rule following or enactment? taken-for granted skills are accomplishments! social norms and customs situational context enacting reality: we take an active role in bringing our realities into being through various interpretive schemes… these realities may then impose themselves “as they way things are”, culture is active, living phenomenon through which people jointly create and re-create
9	Organization: The enactment of a shared reality organizations as social constructions: process that produce systems of shared meaning cultural change and core values cultural change as transformation of mindsets, values, and shared meanings
10	Organization: The enactment of a shared reality
11	Strengths of the Culture Metaphor symbolic significance of almost everything we do organization and shared meaning are one and same leaders and managers see their success hinges on creation of shared meaning leaders and managers gain new understanding of their impacts and roles organizations and their environments are enacted domains strategic management is understood as an enactment process metaphor offers fresh perspective on organizational change
12	Limitations of the Culture Metaphor the metaphor of culture can be used to support ideological manipulation and control culture is holographic and cannot really be managed like an iceberg, important dimensions of culture are always invisible, and what is easily seen can be relatively unimportant Culture has deep political dimension, making it impossible to grasp the future significance of culture through the culture metaphor
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14	Evaluation
15	Questions What are the cultural norms within your school? District? (example, greeting students in the hallway – talk in lounge) How do your school leaders shape systems of shared meaning? Are they able to mobilize the efforts of people in pursuit of desired aims and objectives?